I say 150 meters, although I had no instruments for estimating this distance. But I knew that the sun's rays, even in the clearest seas, could reach no deeper.

Objective: Estimating firing distance is very important in inspection of gunshot. It is a key of rebuilding alibi.

目的：判断射击距离是枪案检验必须解决的重要问题之一，对于犯罪现场重建发挥着关键作用。

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Estimating the Distance Between Rotating Axis and Center Line of Bar in Paraboloid Lapping Experiment

抛物面研磨实验中转轴与梁中心线间距的确定

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Method for estimating operating distance of IR imaging system under complex backgrounds

复杂背景红外成像系统作用距离估算方法

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The ability of estimating distance can help human better plan the route to save time and energy.

良好的环境距离估计能力能够帮助人们较好的制定行走路线，节约他们的时间和精力。

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Moreover, the kinetic of esterification of the poly(β-chloroethyl glycidyl ether) was studied, and the calculation formula of esterification degree by 1H NMR and IR spectroscopy was established.

研究了聚（β-氯乙基缩水甘油醚）的酯化反应动力学，并通过~1H NMR和IR光谱确立了酯化度的计算关系式。

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For the modification to the MPB through the alcohol B and alcohol ether B esterification, the best esterification degree was 60-100%.

以醇B和醇醚B对MPB进行酯化改性，酯化度为60～100%为好。

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The result indicates that the acid value of material quickly fall to reach the requirement of transesterification by circulating gas-phase esterification. The degree of biodiesel exceeds 99.5%.

实验结果表明，循环气相酯化可在很短的时间内将原料的酸值降到酯交换对原料酸值的要求，通过水蒸汽蒸馏可使生物柴油纯度达到99.5%以上。

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The results showed that at the condition of 1.2 ∶ 1 molar ratio of isoamyl alcohol to n-butyric acid, 0.5% catalyst ( molar percent of n-butyric acid), 2.5 h, no water-carrying agent, at reflux temperature, the esterification degree achieved 95.8%.

反应条件为醇酸摩尔比12∶10，催化剂用量05%（以酸的摩尔数计），反应时间25h，不加带水剂，回流反应温度在130～135℃条件下，酯化率可达958%。

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The scavenging effects of DMYL on DPPH free radicals and H2O2 in polar solvents were both weaker than those of DMY, decreasing with the increase of esterification degree.

二氢杨梅素酯化物在极性溶剂中清除DPPH自由基和H2O2的能力比二氢杨梅素低，酯化物的抗氧化活性随着酯化程度的增加呈下降趋势；

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Under this optimum conditions, the main quality indexes of the low-ester pectin were 116 of gel power, 36.70% of esterification degree and 21.50% of amide substitution degree.

在最佳参数下制取的低甲氧基果胶，其主要质量指标为胶凝度（USA-SAG法）116级，酯化度36.70%，酰胺度21.05%。

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Composite membranes with the esterification degree of activity layer being 3.3% and 6.2% had well separation properties and stability, they were suit to the studying and application of coupled membrane reactor.

活性层酯化度为3.3%及6.2%的复合膜具有良好的稳定性，能够适合于酯化反应耦合渗透汽化过程研究及应用。

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By analysis the data of impact properties, tensile strength, flexural strength and glass transition temperature, polyether polyols structure and esterification degree of phosphate ester has been systematic studied.

论文通过冲击性能、拉伸强度、弯曲强度以及玻璃化转变温度分析，系统研究了聚醚多元醇分子量、结构和酯化度等对增韧改性的影响。

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The effect of the esterification degree of amine salt of alkyl phosphate on the intumescent coating was studied through the small scale fire tests, TG and DSC method.

通过微型电炉实验、差热分析（DSC）和热失重分析（TG），研究了烷基磷酸酯胺盐的酯化率对超薄型钢结构防火涂料的影响。

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The esterification degree distribution can be calculated based on the reaction degree of the hydroxyl groups in reactants determined to provide a theoretical base for formulation design and reaction control.

只要测定了反应物中羟基的反应程度，就可由该式计算出酯化度分布情况，从而为指导配方设计和反应控制提供了理论依据。

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Under optimum reaction conditions, esterification degree of para-hydroxybenzoate chitosan ester was 130%, and yield reached 80%.

在适宜的反应条件下，对羟基苯甲酸壳聚糖酯酯化度可达130%、得率80%以上。

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By using probability statistics and dynamics, this paper derived the esterification degree distribution function and its calculation formula for polyol-acrylate reaction.

本文用概率统计和动力学方法，推导了多元醇的丙烯酸酯酯化度分布函数及其计算公式。

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Influence of Esterification Degree of Amine Salt of Alkyl Phosphate on Thin Film Intumescent Coating

烷基磷酸酯胺盐的酯化率对超薄型钢结构防火涂料的影响

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The results show that with the esterification degree increasing, the solubility is improved.

实验结果表明，反应产物的溶解性能随取代度的增加而提高。

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The esterification degree was up to 94.1% under such conditions.

在此条件下酯化率可达94.1%。

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Effects of PPVA activity layer esterification degree, separation temperature and feed EtOH concentration on the PPVA/ PAN composite membrane separation properties were all investigated.

考察了PPVA活性分离层的酯化度、分离温度、进料浓度等因素对复合膜的分离性能的影响。

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